![]() Outside the sporting arena, GH is marketed as an antiageing therapy for frailty and disability secondary to loss of muscle mass. GH is considered to be one of the most widely abused performance-enhancing agents in sports ( Barroso et al. The stimulation of muscle protein anabolism and growth by GH has led to widespread expectation that it increases muscle strength and power. Many hormones including growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormones, testosterone and glucocorticoids exert major effects on skeletal muscle growth and function. ![]() Muscle function is regulated by many factors including genes, nutrition, lifestyle and hormones. Their function is dependent on the composition and strength of fibre types that require energy to drive and sustain contractile work. Skeletal muscles are specialised contractile tissues that control posture and physical activity while having an important role in energy metabolism. GH exerts complex multi-system effects on skeletal muscle function in part mediated by the IGF system. Molecular and functional studies provide evidence that GH stimulates the anaerobic and suppresses the aerobic energy system, in turn affecting power-based functional measures in a time-dependent manner. The energy required to power muscle function is derived from a continuum of anaerobic and aerobic sources. GH stimulates whole-body protein accretion with protein synthesis occurring in muscular and extra-muscular sites. GH increases muscle strength by enhancing muscle mass without affecting contractile force or fibre composition type. This paper critically reviews information on the effects of GH on muscle function covering structure, protein metabolism, the role of IGF1 mediation, bioenergetics and performance drawn from molecular, cellular and physiological studies on animals and humans. Based on its anabolic properties, it is widely accepted that GH enhances muscle performance in sports and muscle function in the elderly. Skeletal muscle is a target tissue of GH.
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